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上海翻譯公司:英語(yǔ)翻譯中的多樣性

發(fā)表時(shí)間:2016/11/24 00:00:00  瀏覽次數(shù):2664  
字體大小: 【小】 【中】 【大】

上海翻譯公司是一家有資質(zhì)的翻譯公司,上海翻譯公司譯境翻譯認(rèn)為翻譯中一種意思可用多種形式表達(dá)。翻譯的多樣性表現(xiàn)在各個(gè)層面,小到一個(gè)詞,大到一個(gè)篇章,即所謂意一言多。在翻譯中注意譯文的多樣性也是十分重要的。在同一篇文章、同一部文學(xué)作品中,同樣的一個(gè)詞匯、同樣的一個(gè)詞組、同樣的一個(gè)成語(yǔ)、同樣的一個(gè)句子往往會(huì)反復(fù)使用。如果把它們翻譯得千篇一律,譯文就會(huì)顯得詞語(yǔ)貧乏、枯燥無(wú)味。在不同的上下文中,對(duì)這些詞匯、詞組、成語(yǔ)、句子用不同的譯文進(jìn)行處理,而譯出同樣的語(yǔ)意,就能使整篇譯文或整部譯著詞語(yǔ)豐富、生動(dòng)活潑。 

一、英語(yǔ)詞匯翻譯的多樣性 
在William Thackeray的小說(shuō)Vanity Fair(名利場(chǎng))一書中,作者描繪女子學(xué)校校長(zhǎng)巴巴拉·平克頓給其學(xué)生寫的推薦書時(shí)是這樣寫的: 
1.Although schoolmistresses’ letters are to be trusted no more nor less than churchyard epitaphs;yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life,who is really deserving of all the praises the stone-cutter carves over his bones;who is a good Christian,a good parent,child,wife or husband;who actually does leave a disconsolate family to morn his loss;... 
這一段楊必先生譯為: 
一般說(shuō)來(lái),校長(zhǎng)的信和墓志銘一樣靠不住。不過(guò)偶然也有幾個(gè)死人當(dāng)?shù)闷鹗晨淘谒麄冃喙巧系暮迷?,真的是虔誠(chéng)的教徒,慈愛(ài)的父母,孝順的兒女,盡職的丈夫,賢良的妻子,他們家里的人也真的哀思綿綿地追悼他們。 
一個(gè)“good”,譯得何等文采風(fēng)流!“虔誠(chéng)的”、“慈愛(ài)的”、“孝順的”、“賢良的”、“盡職的”不都是在具體語(yǔ)境中從“好的”一詞升華出來(lái)的嗎? 
2.A thin man in a thin overcoat watched them out of thin, emotionless eyes.(James Thurber:One Is A Wanderer) 
一個(gè)骨瘦如柴、衣服單薄、雙目失神的男子注視著他們。 
I am busy today. 
I have a busy day.(……) 
3.Some fishing boats were becalmed lust in front of us.Their shadows slept,or almost slept, upon the water,a gentle quivering alone showing that it was not complete sleep,or if sleep,that it was sleep with dreams. 
眼前不遠(yuǎn),漁舟三五,凝滯不前,檣影斜映水上,仿佛睡去,偶爾微見(jiàn)顫動(dòng),似又未曾熟睡,恍若驚夢(mèng)。 
這是一個(gè)充滿詩(shī)情畫意的段落。其中sleep(slept)一詞出現(xiàn)五次,如果將它們逐個(gè)譯成“睡”字,大煞風(fēng)景。譯者經(jīng)過(guò)處理,只譯出其中三個(gè),分別為“斜映”、“睡去”、“熟睡”,無(wú)一簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù),而另有兩個(gè)隱去。譯得如此豐富多彩,首先在于對(duì)原文意蘊(yùn)的深入發(fā)掘和理解。同時(shí)也有賴于譯者運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的嫻熟手法。 
4.A great company came to the exhibition.(a group of people) 
許多人參加了展覽會(huì)。 
The company are now enjoying a feast.(a number of people combined with a common purpose) 
那一行人正在進(jìn)餐。 
He kept me company.(He is my guest) 
他是我的客人。 
We have company today.(invited guest) 
今天我們請(qǐng)客。 
The ship’s company assembled on the deck for inspection. (a ship’s crew) 
全體船員在甲板上等候檢閱。 
以上例句中都有一個(gè)“company”,在不同的語(yǔ)境中就有了不同的含義(見(jiàn)括號(hào)內(nèi)解釋)。又如:In married life three is company and two none.此句中的 “company”中的意思又與上面的例子不一樣,意思是“和諧”,所以全句的意思是“結(jié)婚以后,有了孩子才成其為家”。由此我們想到漢語(yǔ)的成語(yǔ)“兩個(gè)和尚抬水吃,三個(gè)和尚沒(méi)水喝”可以譯成“In social life,two is company and three is none.”正確理解多義詞的關(guān)鍵是正確把握語(yǔ)境,也就是上下文,關(guān)于這一點(diǎn)我們還要進(jìn)一步討論。 
二、英語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)(成語(yǔ))翻譯的多樣性 
例:to be on tenterhooks(心情煩亂、焦急、緊張) 
1)She was on tenterhooks when she heard of her mother's illness. 
她得知母親病了,坐立不安。 
2)He was on tenterhooks of expectation during our conversation. 
在我們談話時(shí),他因有所期待而如坐針氈。 
3)I found him on tenterhooks when he was waiting for his girlfriend. 
我發(fā)現(xiàn)他在等女朋友時(shí)顯得局促不安。 
4)The President,being told of the strong earthquake in his country, was on tenterhooks every minute. 
得知本國(guó)發(fā)生了強(qiáng)烈地震,總統(tǒng)一直心亂如麻。 
5)His parents were on tenterhooks all the time until they got his letter. 
他的父母在收到他的信前,一直是那樣的心煩意亂。 
6)The students were on tenterhooks before the examination began. 
考試開(kāi)始前,學(xué)生們的心里七上八下。 
7)The poor boy was on tenterhooks when his father was searching for a stick. 
那個(gè)可憐的男孩見(jiàn)父親到處找棍子,感到六神無(wú)主。 
8)The hen-pecked man was on tenterhooks when his wife scolded her way into the room. 
當(dāng)妻子罵罵咧咧闖到房間來(lái)時(shí),這個(gè)得了“氣管炎”的男人便有些手足無(wú)措。 
權(quán)威的英語(yǔ)詞典Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English對(duì)英語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)to be on tenterhooks的釋義有兩個(gè):(1)to be in a worried,anxious,or nervous state of mind(心情煩亂、焦急、緊張);(2) to be in a state of anxious expectation(急切等待)。上面除了第二和第三個(gè)例句,里面的成語(yǔ)to be on tenterhooks都屬于第一個(gè)釋義。盡管第二、第三個(gè)例句中的成語(yǔ)有“等待”之意,但其側(cè)重點(diǎn)還是在于“等待造成的心情煩亂”。如果把上面例句中的英語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)全都簡(jiǎn)單地譯成“心情煩亂”或“心情緊張”,譯文就會(huì)顯得蒼白無(wú)力、枯燥無(wú)味。上面8個(gè)例句對(duì)句中同一個(gè)成語(yǔ)卻采用了多樣性譯法,譯文全部都采用了四字格:“坐立不安”、“如坐針氈”、“局促不安”、“心亂如麻”、“心煩意亂”、“七上八下”、“六神無(wú)主”、“手足無(wú)措”。這8條漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)都是“心情煩亂、焦急、緊張”的寫照。但是,我們也須仔細(xì)體會(huì)不同譯文之間在詞義的輕重程度上所存在的細(xì)微差距。它們中的大多數(shù)并不能相互替換。
三、英語(yǔ)句子翻譯的多樣性 
例:A short girl in a flat black straw hat appeared in the open doorway.(Herman Wouk:The Winds of War) 
1)一位頭戴扁平的黑草帽的矮個(gè)兒姑娘,出現(xiàn)在門口。 
2)一個(gè)頭戴黑色扁平草帽的小個(gè)兒姑娘,出現(xiàn)在門口。 
3)一位姑娘出現(xiàn)在門口,只見(jiàn)她個(gè)頭不高,頭戴一頂淺淺的黑草帽。 
4)門口閃出了一位個(gè)頭不高的女孩子,頭上戴著一頂平平的黑草帽。 
5)門口出現(xiàn)一矮妞,頭戴扁平黑草帽。 
上面例句中的5個(gè)措辭不一的譯文都是對(duì)同一個(gè)英文句子的翻譯。這5個(gè)譯句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容是一樣的,但所采用的形式是多樣化的。第一和第二個(gè)譯句在形式上基本相同,并與原句形式相似,只是把修飾詞“黑色的”前提到第一個(gè)位置?!氨馄降暮诓菝薄北取昂谏馄讲菝薄蓖樢恍?。 short譯成“矮個(gè)兒”比“小個(gè)兒”更能反映出short的原意,而“小個(gè)兒”在英語(yǔ)里的對(duì)應(yīng)詞應(yīng)該是little。一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的主語(yǔ)往往在其后面用逗號(hào)與謂語(yǔ)隔開(kāi)。第三至第五個(gè)譯句把原句中的主體部分前提到第一個(gè)分句來(lái)表述,原句中的所有定語(yǔ)都后移到第二個(gè)分句來(lái)表述。這是長(zhǎng)句短譯的最好方法。第五個(gè)譯句前后兩個(gè)分句各占7個(gè)字,語(yǔ)言非常精簡(jiǎn),譯者是費(fèi)了許多心思的,只是很像兩句打油詩(shī),讀來(lái)讓人感到可笑。 
四、漢語(yǔ)詞匯翻譯的多樣性 
與英語(yǔ)一樣,漢語(yǔ)不同表達(dá)方式的差別往往在于語(yǔ)氣和情感,而語(yǔ)氣和情感的選擇又取決于具體的環(huán)境,所以標(biāo)識(shí)語(yǔ)的翻譯一定要考慮具體的場(chǎng)合與對(duì)象。一定要根據(jù)不同的語(yǔ)境做不同的處理。如 
小心地滑Caution:Wet Floor 
Mind your step 
小心碰頭 Mind your head 
小心夾手Mind the gap 
(be careful the clipping hands) 
小心輕放Handle With Care 
小心開(kāi)水燙手Caution:Boiling Water 
小心有狗Beware of Dog 
禁止通車Closed to all vehicles 
嚴(yán)禁靠近Keep off 
禁止通行Street Closed 
禁止入內(nèi)Off Limits 
禁止穿鞋Shoes Off 
禁止喧嘩 Keep silent 
(Don’t make noise) 
等等,就不一定非要用“Don’t”表示“禁止”不可。而且,這種詞語(yǔ)往往給人一種居高臨下的感覺(jué),語(yǔ)氣顯得十分生硬。 
又如,“一次(性/用 )”因搭配對(duì)象不同至少有以下各表達(dá)法: 
一次處理:single/primary treatment; 
一次污染:primary pollution; 
一次凍透:straight- freezing; 
一次空氣:fresh/primary air; 
一次爆破:one pull; 
一次付清:pay in full; 
一次消費(fèi):one- time consumption; 
一次誤差:first-order error; 
一次成像照片:a Polaroid picture; 
一次償還信貸:non-installment; 
一次性杯子:sanitary cup; 
一次性筷子:disposable chopsticks; 
一次性雨傘:throwaway umbrella; 
一次性收入: lump-sum payment; 
一次性保險(xiǎn): lump-sum payment insurance 
一次用包裝:non-returnable container; 
一次用相機(jī):single-use camera...... 
謹(jǐn)防“False Friends” 
“False Friends”(假朋友)一詞源自法語(yǔ)“Faux Amis”,指兩種語(yǔ)言中字面意義相同而實(shí)際意義全然不同的詞匯、成語(yǔ)或表達(dá)方式。在翻譯漢語(yǔ)新詞新義時(shí),某些表面上與英語(yǔ)貌合、實(shí)則神離的“False Friends”無(wú)疑是一大陷阱。例如,時(shí)見(jiàn)報(bào)端的新詞“假唱”,就不可簡(jiǎn)單地譯作“sing in falsetto”。“sing in falsetto”表示戲曲演員等用假嗓子演唱,與“假唱”有本質(zhì)區(qū)別。所謂“假唱”指歌唱演員演出時(shí)沒(méi)有放聲唱而是跟著預(yù)先錄制的歌曲及伴奏音樂(lè)對(duì)口型,蒙騙觀眾。其英語(yǔ)對(duì)應(yīng)詞為“l(fā)ip-synch”(陸谷孫,1989:1910)。又如,“假鈔”、“假鈔辨別儀”、“假酒”、“假新聞”等含有“假”字的新詞并非都可用“false”來(lái)譯,而應(yīng)按照英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣分別譯成“fake/counterfeit money”、“currency detector”、“adulterated wine”和“pseudo-event”。 
可見(jiàn),“假”字雖不起眼,卻頗有名堂,并非都可譯作“false”,一不小心就會(huì)鬧出笑話,甚至惹出麻煩。有的“False Friends”字面意思與某些新詞的實(shí)際意義相去甚遠(yuǎn),有的截然相反。譯者絕不可不求其真?zhèn)尉桶阉鼈儺?dāng)做“True Friends”拿來(lái)就譯。美國(guó)著名翻譯理論家奈達(dá)先生曾把“未能把源語(yǔ)的實(shí)質(zhì)譯出”看作是一個(gè)“不可饒恕的罪過(guò)”(mortal sin),這就要求譯者必須多讀、多查、多記。 
中國(guó)人的“意思”[Chinese “Yisi” (Meanings)] 
“聽(tīng)說(shuō)小張與小李有點(diǎn)意思了?”張科長(zhǎng)問(wèn)王秘書道。 
“哪有什么意思!只是小張找小李補(bǔ)夜大的課?!?nbsp;
“那正有意思。我以前讀書的時(shí)候,也是找我現(xiàn)在的愛(ài)人補(bǔ)課的?!睆埧崎L(zhǎng)調(diào)侃地笑起來(lái)了。 
“情況不同了,現(xiàn)在的年輕人意思多,不比你們那年代單純。”王秘書看了他一眼。 
“還能有幾個(gè)意思?”張科長(zhǎng)感到大為驚訝。 
“幾個(gè)意思!幾個(gè)意思!說(shuō)不定你夫人也有幾個(gè)意思起來(lái)嘍!”王秘書忍不住笑起來(lái)了。 
“嘻嘻,”張科長(zhǎng)干笑兩聲,連連說(shuō):“不談了,真沒(méi)意思?!?nbsp;
你讀完了這段對(duì)話,是否感到有點(diǎn)意思呢? 
(And moreover, can you teach Chinese “yisi” to your American friends or students?) 
中國(guó)的“東西”(Chinese “Dongxi”) 
眾所周知,中文是世界上最古老的語(yǔ)言之一,不僅外國(guó)人感到中文難學(xué),中國(guó)人也不例外。不僅是音節(jié)、字調(diào)和語(yǔ)調(diào)外國(guó)人不熟悉,而且象形、形音會(huì)意的漢字和組詞手段,也叫人頭疼。教外國(guó)人學(xué)漢語(yǔ)真是個(gè)難事。有一次,中國(guó)老師上課時(shí)講道: 
“語(yǔ)言這東西不好學(xué),得下苦功夫才行?!盪pon hearing this,one of his students stood up and asked:“先生,剛才您講到語(yǔ)言這東西,我們不懂,您能不能講一講它的用法?!?nbsp;
Then, the teacher explained:“A desk是件東西,a blackboard是件東西。an animal是件東西。清楚了嗎?” The student seemed to understand it and repeated loudly:“這是一件東西,那是一件東西,他也是一件東西。” 
“Tom不是件東西!”the teacher corrected。“Oh,I see.”The student continued to make his sentences:“我懂了,湯姆不是個(gè)東西,你也不是個(gè)東西,我們大家都不是東西?!盩he whole class almost laughed to death and the teacher got very angry:“你真是個(gè)糊涂的東西!” 
The student was very surprised this time:“我又是個(gè)東西了嗎,先生?”“是啊,”the teacher scolded,“你就是一個(gè)典型的,死心眼的,不開(kāi)竅的東西!”“啊!我真的又是個(gè)東西了,多么美妙的漢語(yǔ)啊!”the student sighed. 
更多的例子: 
這兒的東西很貴。(goods/products/items for sale) 
真不是個(gè)東西!(a bad guy;son of bitch) 
不要臉的東西!(disgusting person) 
他還算是個(gè)東西。(a nice guy) 
不管他是什么東西,我們都不怕。(any kind of person) 
不管東西南北中,都要擁護(hù)中央。(east and west) 
上街買東西。(things for sale) 
下面幾句話,全都是選自《紅樓夢(mèng)》,不過(guò),只要求大家翻譯一個(gè)字:“笑”! 
1. 鳳姐 笑道(1):“老太太別高興,且算一算帳再攬事……” 
2. 賈母 笑道(2):“依你怎么樣呢?” 
3. 鳳姐又 笑道(3):“我還有一句話呢……” 
4. 鳳姐 笑道(4):“老祖宗只把他哥兒交給兩位太太,一位占一個(gè)罷,派每位替出一分就是了?!?nbsp;
5. 賈母因問(wèn)平兒:“你難道不替你主人做生日?還入在這里頭?”平兒笑道(5):“我那個(gè)私自另外的有了,這是公中的,也該出一分?!辟Z母 笑道(6):“這才是好孩子。” 
6. 鳳姐又 笑道(7):“上下都全了;還有二位姨奶奶,他出不出,也問(wèn)一聲……” 
7. 鳳姐也悄悄地 笑道(8):“你少胡說(shuō)!一會(huì)子離了這里,我才和你算帳!……” 
8. 尤氏 笑道(9):“你這么個(gè)阿物兒,也忒行了大運(yùn)了……你怎么謝我?”鳳姐笑道(10):“別扯臊!我又沒(méi)叫你進(jìn)來(lái),謝你什么?” 
參考譯文: 
(1) warn with a chuckle ?。ńo“老祖宗”提醒,當(dāng)然要笑著說(shuō)了) 
(2) ask ?。ㄊ恰罢髑笕思业囊庖?jiàn)”了) 
(3) continue ?。ā靶γ婊ⅰ苯又f(shuō)……) 
(4) urge  (“只用……就行了”,這是催促的了。) 
(5) reply ?。ㄑ绢^回主母的話,當(dāng)然要“笑嘻嘻地”了) 
(6) approve ?。ㄟ@個(gè)丫頭很懂事,主子滿意,就“贊許的”笑了) 
(7) remark ?。ù笥^園實(shí)際的“一把手”發(fā)話,總要作出和氣的樣子的,“笑著說(shuō)……”) 
(8) counter ?。ā靶γ婊ⅰ?,果然是一等一的高手,心里不悅,臉上還笑著,“回去在算帳!”) 
(9) tease ?。ㄊ怯仁吓c“姐姐”開(kāi)玩笑了) 
(10) chuckle  (咯咯的笑聲,大概是鳳姐最知名的特點(diǎn)了罷) 
參考答案看完了。 

10個(gè)“笑”,竟然沒(méi)有用到一個(gè) smile,或者 laugh。翻譯用詞的多樣性可見(jiàn)一斑。  
《紅樓夢(mèng)》問(wèn)世不久,就獲得了廣大讀者的注意和喜愛(ài)。當(dāng)時(shí)很快從北京傳到南方?!都t樓夢(mèng)》故事成為當(dāng)時(shí)人們談話的中心,大量地被改編成說(shuō)唱和戲劇在民間演出。中國(guó)出現(xiàn)了許多研究《紅樓夢(mèng)》的“紅學(xué)家”?!都t樓夢(mèng)》在世界上也影響深遠(yuǎn),不斷地被翻譯成英、法、日、俄、德等多種文字,介紹到國(guó)外去,深受各國(guó)人民的喜愛(ài)。英、美、日等國(guó)也出現(xiàn)了許多《紅樓夢(mèng)》研究專家?!都t樓夢(mèng)》的確是世界文學(xué)寶庫(kù)中的一部輝煌巨著。 
①A Dream of the Red Mansions won the attention and love of a wide reading public soon after it was brought into the world, first in northern China and then in the south. ②For a time, the novel was on the lips of everyone and many adaptations, either in the form of a talking and singing opera of other dramatic forms, were put on the stage. ③Furthermore, many experts have emerged in China who make a career of studying this novel and are dubbed “Red Mansion experts”. ④The book has also gained influence worldwide. ⑤Having been translated into many foreign languages such as English, French, Japanese, Russian and German, it has been introduced to and accepted by people in various parts of the world. In countries like the United Kingdom, the United States and Japan there have also emerged “Red Mansion experts”. Indeed, there is every reason to say that A Dream of the Red Mansions is a masterpiece in the treasure house of world literature. 
本段介紹《紅樓夢(mèng)》在國(guó)內(nèi)外的傳播與影響。為使段意集中、凝練,譯文分別用A Dream of the Red Mansions(句①),the novel(句②),The book(句④),it(句⑤)所指相同、形式不同的詞作主語(yǔ),與原語(yǔ)中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的主題詞“紅樓夢(mèng)”相吻合。同樣,譯文述說(shuō)的《紅樓夢(mèng)》的傳播與影響,先國(guó)內(nèi)后國(guó)外,最后采用that分句,即 A Dream of the Red Mansions is a masterpiece in the treasure house of world literature,幾乎逐詞譯出,而其中主題詞A Dream of the Red Mansions又與段首詞遙相呼應(yīng)。 
五、漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)翻譯的多樣性 
例:歡天喜地 
1)寧榮兩處上下內(nèi)外人等,莫不歡天喜地。(曹雪芹:《紅樓夢(mèng)》,第十六回) 
Then high and low alike in both mansions were filled with joy. 
2)那小廝歡天喜地,答應(yīng)去了。(曹雪芹:《紅樓夢(mèng)》,第三十九回) 
The boy assented and made off in high spirits. 
3)我才已經(jīng)和他母親說(shuō)了,他娘已經(jīng)歡天喜地應(yīng)了。(曹雪芹:《紅樓夢(mèng)》,第七十二回) 
I've spoken to Chaixia's mother and she's consented gladly. 
4)兩個(gè)小頭目聽(tīng)了這話,歡天喜地,說(shuō)道:“好了!眾人在此少待一時(shí)。”(施耐庵:《水滸傳》,第十七回) 
The junior officers were delighted.“Excellent,” they said. “Just wait here a little.” 
5)不論歸遲歸早,那婦人頓羹頓飯,歡天喜地服侍武松,武松倒過(guò)意不去。(施耐庵:《水滸傳》,第二十四回) 
Whenever he returned home,whether early or late,Golden Lotus had food ready.She served him with obvious pleasure.It rather embarrassed him. 
6)得蒙差遣,歡天喜地,收拾槍刀。(施耐庵:《水滸傳》,第六十三回) 
Happy with their mission,they gathered their weapons. 
7)石寶得勝,歡天喜地,回城中去了。(施耐庵:《水滸傳》,第九十五回) 
The victorious Shi Bao returned to Hangzhou in jubilation. 
8)他們沒(méi)有殺人的罪名,又償了心愿,自然都?xì)g天喜地的發(fā)出一種嗚嗚咽咽的笑聲。(魯迅:《吶喊》中的《狂人日記》) 
Then they can enjoy their hearts’ desire without being blamed for murder.Naturally that delights them and sets them roaring with laughter. 
漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)“歡天喜地”形容非常高興,其中“歡”和“喜”表示高興,“天”和“地”表示“非?!钡囊馑迹⒎钦嬲硎尽疤斓亍?。這是漢語(yǔ)文學(xué)作品中常用的成語(yǔ)之一。像這樣的成語(yǔ)并不能根據(jù)其字面意思來(lái)翻譯,“天”和“地”不能譯成,heaven和earth。這條成語(yǔ)可根據(jù)原文的實(shí)際含義來(lái)翻譯:to be highly elated。我們也可用對(duì)等的英語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)來(lái)翻譯:to go into raptures;to be in high glee。上面8個(gè)例句中的“歡天喜地”采用了8種不同的譯法,充分顯示了多樣性譯法的優(yōu)越性:1)were filled with joy;2)in high spirits;3)gladly;4)were delighted;5)with obvious pleasure;6)happy;7)in jubilation;8)delights。 
在采用多樣性翻譯方法時(shí),可參考英語(yǔ)的和漢語(yǔ)的同義詞詞典,也可參考英漢和漢英詞典。比如,在翻譯漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)“大驚小怪”時(shí),我們可以先參考英語(yǔ)同義詞詞典,查fussy這一基本詞條,同時(shí)再參考漢英成語(yǔ)手冊(cè),查“大驚小怪”的各種英譯。綜合以上兩類詞典里的相應(yīng)詞語(yǔ)和詞組,“大驚小怪”就會(huì)有大量的多樣性譯法: 
(1)be surprised or alarmed at sth quite normal 
(2)be surprised or alarmed at sth perfectly common 
(3)make a fuss about nothing 
(4)make unnecessary ado about trifles 
(5)make a fuss about(sth) 
(6)fuss about[over]sth[trifles] 
(7)much ado about nothing 
(8)much[great]cry and little wool 
(9)a flurried[hurried]ado about trifles 
(10)get alarmed for[about]nothing 
(11)get nothing for nothing 
(12)get all stirred up over nothing 
(13)make a terrible to-do about sth 
(14)a storm in a teacup 
(15)a tempest in a teapot 
(16)a teapot tempest 
(17)a tempest in a barrel 
(18)a tempest in a bucket 
(19)create about(it) 
(20)like a hen with one chick[chicken] 
(21)alarmism 
(22)fussy 
(23)get jittery for nothing 
(24)great alarm at a little bogey 
六、漢語(yǔ)句子翻譯的多樣性 
例:你的眼睛長(zhǎng)哪兒去了? 
1)Haven’t you got eyes? 
2)Are you so blind? 
3)Are you such a blind man? 
4)You're really stone-blind ! 
5)How blind you are ! 
6)As blind as a bat ! 
7)What a blind man ! 
8)A sightless guy ! 
9)Why are you so rash? 
10)How can you be so reckless? 
11)My goodness! Be careful! 
12)Would you please be more careful? 
這個(gè)例句實(shí)際上是漢語(yǔ)中很不禮貌的說(shuō)法,指責(zé)對(duì)方?jīng)]看清楚,不夠小心。由于漢英兩種語(yǔ)言有著不同的文化背景,各人對(duì)這個(gè)原文有不同的理解和體會(huì),這個(gè)句子可能被用于不同的上下文,因此,這個(gè)句子自然會(huì)有多樣性的譯法。上面第一至第八個(gè)譯文都是根據(jù)字面意思來(lái)進(jìn)行翻譯的。這樣的翻譯可以保留原文的形象和原文中粗野的口氣,為了塑造說(shuō)話人的人物形象,這個(gè)句子就必須直譯。上面第九至第十二個(gè)譯文是根據(jù)原文的含義來(lái)進(jìn)行翻譯的,這4種譯文更符合地道的英語(yǔ),在日常用語(yǔ)中,還是以這4種譯法為好。 
又如“你有筆嗎?”可以譯為: 
Have you got a pen? 
Have you got pens? 
Have you got any pens? 
Have you got some pens? 
Have you got the pen? 
Have you got the pens? 
準(zhǔn)確的譯文只能視具體語(yǔ)境而定。 
只要一發(fā)現(xiàn)有可能反對(duì)他的人,他就本能地要用他的魅力和風(fēng)趣將這個(gè)人爭(zhēng)取過(guò)來(lái)。 
(a)When he catches a glimpse of potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor. 
(b)As soon as he finds any possible opponent, he is, by instinct, to have as an inclination for winning him over with charm and humor. 
(c)The sight of a potential antagonist arouses (evokes) his innate impulse for winning him over with charm and humor. 
一想到要出國(guó)深造,他就激動(dòng)不已。 
(a)The idea that he would go abroad for further study made him greatly excited. 
(b)He felt greatly excited at the thought of going abroad for further study. 
近年來(lái),中、泰兩國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展迅速,為兩國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)、貿(mào)易合作提供了良好的基礎(chǔ)。 
(a)In recent years the national economies of China and Thailand have quickly developed, providing a good foundation for economic and trade cooperation between the two countries. 
(b)Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of the national economies in China and Thailand, which has prepared for good economic and trade cooperation between the two countries. 
(c)China and Thailand,with the rapid development of their national economies in recent years, have laid a good foundation for their economic and trade cooperation. 
(d)The rapid development of the national economies of China and Thailand in recent years has laid a sound foundation for economic and trade cooperation between the two countries. 
總之,翻譯中的多樣性或多樣性譯法一方面可以使我們從多種譯文中選擇最佳的譯文,另一方面可使原文中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞句擁有多種譯法,從而使整個(gè)譯文既忠實(shí)于原文,又行文流暢,生動(dòng)活潑。 
另外,在翻譯時(shí),我們必須清楚這樣一個(gè)事實(shí):作為用一種語(yǔ)言傳遞另一種語(yǔ)言的思維內(nèi)容的翻譯,其表達(dá)手段可以是“多變的”,也就是說(shuō),一種思維內(nèi)容可以用多種譯語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的形式表達(dá)。這就是同一種原文可以有多種表達(dá)形式的根據(jù)所在,譯者往往選取不同的角度、不同的信息焦點(diǎn)作為出發(fā)點(diǎn)來(lái)對(duì)原文同一信息進(jìn)行雙語(yǔ)符號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換。因此,譯界有“譯學(xué)無(wú)定規(guī)”之說(shuō)。在句子翻譯中,若用不同的譯語(yǔ)表達(dá)形式傳遞同一原文信息,往往要使用不同的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ),若使用了不同的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ),整個(gè)句子的其它成分在安排上就會(huì)發(fā)生變化。例如: 
(6)一想到要出國(guó)深造,他就激動(dòng)不已。 
When he thinks …., he 
As soon as … he 
(a)The idea that he would go abroad for further study made him greatly excited. 
(b)He felt greatly excited at the thought of going abroad for further study.   When the students saw the plane, they were very happy. 
The sight of the plane made the student s happy. 
析:原文的同一信息在譯文中以兩種形式譯出,兩種譯文中的主語(yǔ)大不一樣,同時(shí),主語(yǔ)的確定決定了謂語(yǔ)的選擇,主、謂語(yǔ)確定之后又影響和決定了其它句子成分的安排。譯文(a)是用“idea”作主語(yǔ),按照一般的情況,idea之后常用同位語(yǔ)從句,故“要出國(guó)深造”這一部分譯作同位語(yǔ)從句并置于idea之后,主要謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“make”。主謂語(yǔ)搭配得當(dāng);譯文(b)用he作主語(yǔ),主要謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“feel”。并與“excited’’構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu),原文中的其它成分如“一想到要出國(guó)深造”在譯文中則用介詞短語(yǔ)“at the thought of going abroad for further study’’譯出,并置于表語(yǔ)“excited”之后。原文的主干部分為“他就激動(dòng)不已”,“一想到要出國(guó)深造”表示原因。譯文(a)符合英語(yǔ)中以物作主語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣;譯文(1))突出了主要信息,以at 引出的介詞短語(yǔ)表示原因。 
(7)近年來(lái),中、泰兩國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展迅速,為兩國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)、貿(mào)易合作提供了良好的基礎(chǔ)。 
(a) In recent years the national economies of China and Thailand have quickly developed, providing a good foundation for economic and trade cooperation between the two countries. 
(b)Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of the national economies in China and Thailand,which has prepared for good economic and trade cooperation between the two countries. 
(c)China and Thailand, with the rapid development of their national economies in recent years, have laid a good foundation for their economic and trade cooperation. 
(d) The rapid development of the national economies of China and Thailand in recent years has laid a sound foundation for economic and trade cooperation between the two countries. 
(彭開(kāi)明:“翻譯中的多種表達(dá)形式”,載《中國(guó)翻譯》l995年第5期) 
析:四種譯文分別以economies, recent years,China and Thailand 和development作主語(yǔ),與它們一一對(duì)應(yīng)的謂語(yǔ)則在選詞、搭配、時(shí)態(tài)、單復(fù)數(shù)上有較大差異,但每種英譯文的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)搭配得當(dāng),符合邏輯,這是翻譯句子主干成分必須遵循的原則。主、謂語(yǔ)確定之后,其它句子成分的安排要以與主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)搭配協(xié)調(diào)、傳意恰當(dāng)為條件。 
譯文(a)以economies作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)由have quickly developed充當(dāng),原文中的“為兩國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)、貿(mào)易合作提供了良好的基礎(chǔ)”在譯文中以現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)providing a good foundation…two countries譯出,在譯文中作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。 
譯文(b)以recent years作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)以have witnessed來(lái)充當(dāng)。英語(yǔ)中常??梢杂帽硎緯r(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或物質(zhì)概念的無(wú)生命的名詞充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。這里主、謂語(yǔ)突出,且語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)潔明了。謂語(yǔ)是及物動(dòng)詞,后需接賓語(yǔ),the rapid development of the national economies in China and Thailand作賓語(yǔ)順理成章?!盀閮蓢?guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)、貿(mào)易合作提供了良好的基礎(chǔ)”的邏輯主語(yǔ)是the rapid development…,故以非限定性定語(yǔ)從句譯出,以which指代the rapid development,邏輯關(guān)系清楚。 
譯文(c)以China and Thailand作主語(yǔ),“近年來(lái),(中、泰)兩國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展迅速”以由with引出的介詞短語(yǔ)譯出,置于謂語(yǔ)之前,作為下文中“為兩國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)、貿(mào)易合作提供良好基礎(chǔ)’’的前提,謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)以及其它成分用have laid a good foundation for their economic and trade cooperation譯出,主、謂、賓搭配得當(dāng),其它成分的位置正確。 
譯文(d)突出說(shuō)明了中、泰兩國(guó)近年來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)的迅速發(fā)展,故以“the rapid development of the national economies of China and Thailand in recent years”作主語(yǔ),兩國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展為兩國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)、貿(mào)易合作提供了良好的基礎(chǔ),譯文順理成章,用“has laid a sound foundation for economic and trade cooperation between the two countries"譯出。 
由此可見(jiàn),句子其它成分的位置往往要依據(jù)主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)來(lái)作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。

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