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經(jīng)典翻譯技巧——英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)的比較
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經(jīng)典翻譯技巧——英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)的比較

在英語(yǔ)中, 時(shí)態(tài)是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中的難點(diǎn)之一，它種類多，容易混淆，下面筆者通過(guò)幾種時(shí)態(tài)比較, 幫助英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者理解和掌握時(shí)態(tài)的用法。
　　1. 現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

　　1) I come from Shanghai(上海人）

　　I have come from Shanghai（從上海來(lái)）

　　2) You read very well. (強(qiáng)調(diào)能力）

　　You've read very well. （強(qiáng)調(diào)一次剛完成的動(dòng)作）

　　3) I forget.(一時(shí)想不起來(lái)了）

　　I have forgotten.（仍沒(méi)想起來(lái)，可能已回憶起來(lái)了）

　　4) The book is written in simple English. (表狀態(tài)）

　　The book has been written in simple English.（表動(dòng)態(tài)，已用英語(yǔ)寫成）

　　5) Every time I see him, he's been reading. （兩個(gè)動(dòng)作不可能同時(shí)進(jìn)行）Every time I have seen him, he's been reading. (強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行）

　　6) He is gone. (強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)）He has gone （強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作和時(shí)間）

　　7) He won't come till the play begins. (演出開始時(shí)）

　　He won't come till the play has begun.（戲已開始）

　　8) After I leave school, I'll go to college. （兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊密相接）

　　After I have left school, I'll go to college.（強(qiáng)調(diào)畢業(yè)后，兩個(gè)動(dòng)作可能有間隔）

　　9) It is a long time since I saw you last. It's been a long time since I saw you last.(這兩句話一樣，后一句是美國(guó)英語(yǔ)）

　　10) Where are you? (在哪）Where have you been?(去了哪）

　　2. 現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　1) He works hard.（強(qiáng)調(diào)始終如一）He is working hard.（強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在）

　　2) What do you do? (干什么工作的）What are you doing?（在干什么）

　　3) Here comes the bus! (表高興和欣慰）

　　The bus is coming.（汽車到來(lái)的情景）

　　4) I forget him name. I'm forgetting his name.(差點(diǎn)把他的名字忘了）

　　5) You don't eat much. (強(qiáng)調(diào)胃口不大）

　　You're not eating much.（你怎么不吃呀）

　　6) The match starts at 7 o'clock. (比較固定，不宜改變）

　　The match is starting at 7 o'clock.（可以改變）

　　7) Tom always comes late. Tom is always coming late.(表示不滿，責(zé)備）

　　8)Tom goes to college now.

　　Tom is going to college now.(這兩句區(qū)別不大，后者更生動(dòng)）

　　9） I tell you.（我可以告訴你）

　　I'm telling you.(我告訴你吧，有感情色彩）

　　10) He always sleeps in the afternoon.

　　He is always sleeping in the afternoon.(后者意味著整個(gè)下午都睡掉了）

　　11) I expect you to phone me. ( 幾乎等于命令）

　　I'm expecting you to phone me.（婉轉(zhuǎn)）

　　12) What do you say? What are you saying?(你說(shuō)些什么呀，表說(shuō)話人驚訝，不滿）

　　12) I find that the book is too difficult for me.(強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果） I'm finding that the book is too difficult for me. (強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)程，逐漸感到）

　　13) Apples cost more these days.(強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí))

　　Apples are costing more these days.(越來(lái)越貴)

　　14) He always thinks of others.

　　He's always thinking of others.(表示贊揚(yáng))

　　15) Whenever I see him, he argues with somebody.(強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作有先后) Whenever I see him, he is arguing with somebody.(強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行)

　　16) I hope you'll give us some advice.

　　I'm hoping you'll give us some advice.(表示語(yǔ)氣婉轉(zhuǎn))

　　17) I must go. (我應(yīng)該去)I must be going.(我該走了)

　　18) We can discuss this while we eat.(說(shuō)話是沒(méi)用餐)

　　We can discuss this while we are eating.(進(jìn)餐已開始)

　　3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過(guò)去一般時(shí)

　　1) I've seen him this morning.(還在上午的時(shí)間里)

　　I saw him this morning.(時(shí)間已不在上午了)

　　2) Who's opened the window? (窗戶還在開著)

　　Who opened the window? (與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān),窗戶可能已關(guān)上)

　　3) Have you ever heard him sing? (他可能不是愛唱歌)

　　Did you ever hear him sing?(你曾聽過(guò)他唱歌嗎,他可能是歌唱家)

　　4) Have you ever heard of such a thing? (你聽過(guò)這種事嗎)

　　Did you ever hear of such a thing?(這種事, 你聽說(shuō)過(guò)嗎? 是一個(gè)修辭性問(wèn)題，表示驚異。)

　　5) What have I done to make you so angry? (對(duì)方仍生氣）

　　What did I do to make you so angry? （暗示某一過(guò)去的時(shí)間，可能對(duì)方已不生氣了。）

　　6) How has he done it? (他這活干的怎么樣？強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果）

　　How did he do it?（他是怎么干這活的？強(qiáng)調(diào)干活的方式）

　　7) He has lived in New York for eight years. (他仍在紐約）

　　He lived in New York for eight years.（他可能不在人世了）

　　8) He has been called a thinker.

　　He was called a thinker.(他曾被譽(yù)為思想家）

　　9) You've heard what I said. (你聽見我的話了）

　　You heard what I said.（你是聽見我的話的，口氣嚴(yán)厲，具有感情色彩。）

　　10) I've lost my pen. (筆還沒(méi)找到）I lost my pen.（筆可能找到了）

　　11) He has already been there. (曾去過(guò)哪）

　　He was already there.（當(dāng)時(shí)在哪）

　　12) Since I have been ill, my friend has visited me every day.（生病還在延續(xù)）Since I was ill, my friend has visited me every day. (病已好了）

　　13) Have you slept well? (暗示疲倦了，休息后是否好些了）

　　Did you sleep well?（暗示睡的是否舒服，滿意）

　　4. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)與過(guò)去一般時(shí)

　　1) I came here after I finished middle school.(兩個(gè)動(dòng)作每間隔)

　　I came here after I had finished middle school.(兩個(gè)動(dòng)作有間隔,強(qiáng)調(diào)先后概念)

　　2) I waited till I saw him.

　　I waited till I had seen him. (這兩個(gè)句子差不多,過(guò)去完成時(shí)更普遍)

　　3) We hoped he would come.(我們希望他來(lái))

　　We had hoped he would come.(我們本希望他來(lái)的)

　　4) I don't think he sang as well as he once did.(指具體一次)

　　I don't think he sang as well as he had once done.(泛指以前,現(xiàn)在可能不唱了)

　　5) Before I came here, I was a soldier.(我來(lái)此以前在當(dāng)兵)

　　Before I came here, I had been a soldier.(我來(lái)此以前,曾當(dāng)過(guò)兵)

　　6) Jim said he didn't know he was so strong.(表示Jim在說(shuō)話時(shí)仍很結(jié)實(shí)) Jim said he didn't know he had been so strong.(表示在Jim說(shuō)話之前曾結(jié)實(shí)過(guò))

　　7) They were friends from many years.(表示現(xiàn)在還是朋友)

　　They had been friends for many years.(意味這友誼結(jié)束了)

　　8) He did the work at 6.(強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間)

　　He had done the work at 6. (6點(diǎn)工作已做完)

　　9) I learned French during my holiday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)了)

　　I had learned French during my holiday. (強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)會(huì)了)

　　10) When she sang she sat down.(表示唱著坐下)

　　When she had sung she sat down.(表示唱完坐下)

　　11) I went to bed when I did my homework.(不明確)

　　I went to bed when I had done my homework.(作業(yè)做完)

　　12) I have lived here since I was a child.(從我長(zhǎng)大成人)

　　I have lived here since I had a child.(從我孩提時(shí))
　　5. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與過(guò)去一般時(shí)

　　1) I read a book yesterday. (書已看完)

　　I was reading a book yesterday.(書尚未看完)

　　2) The guests arrived.(客人已到)

　　The guests were arriving.(客人陸續(xù)到達(dá))

　　3) He woke from a dream. (表示全醒)

　　He was waking from a dream.(表示初醒)

　　4) The old man died.(已死) The old man was dying.(要死)

　　5) John told me about it.(告訴我了,我都知道了)

　　John was telling me about it.(跟我談起過(guò),我想了解更多的事情)

　　6) They persuaded me to go along with them.(已經(jīng)說(shuō)服)

　　They were persuading me to go along with them.(還在勸說(shuō))

　　7) The wind blew hard all night.(強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí))

　　The wind was blowing hard all night.(強(qiáng)調(diào)風(fēng)刮個(gè)不停)

　　8) I expected you. I was expecting you.(客氣,表示可能等了很舊了)

　　9) He knocked at the door.(強(qiáng)調(diào)一次性)

　　He was knocking at the door.(強(qiáng)調(diào)多次性)

　　6. 將來(lái)一般時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　1) Will he come? Is he coming?(時(shí)間發(fā)生的比較近)

　　2) How long will you stay hear? (表示意愿)

　　How long will you stay here?(表示打算)

　　3) She'll have a baby. (表示肯定)

　　She's going to have a baby.(表示推測(cè),計(jì)劃)

　　4) I'll see him this evening.(表示意愿)

　　I'm seeing him this evening.(表示打算,已有安排)

　　7. 現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)與過(guò)去一般式

　　1) Do you wish to see me?

　　Did you wish to see me?(表示婉轉(zhuǎn)客氣)

　　2) That's all I have to say.(我的話就這些)

　　That's all I had to say.(我要說(shuō)的就這些)

　　3) How do you like the film? (看電影過(guò)程中)

　　How did you like the film?(看完電影后)

　　4) It is nice to see you.(見面時(shí)說(shuō))

　　It was so nice to see you.(離別時(shí)說(shuō))

　　5) I never like him. (沒(méi)時(shí)間性)

　　I never liked him.(從來(lái)沒(méi)喜歡過(guò))

　　6) I think I know that voice.(沒(méi)見客人時(shí))

　　I thought I know that voice.(見到客人時(shí),證明自己正確或錯(cuò)誤)

　　7) Who is that? (哪人還在)

　　Who was that?(人已不在場(chǎng)了)

　　8) This cake is made at home. (家里常做這種蛋糕)

　　This cake was made at home.(這種蛋糕是自家做的)

　　8.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　1) Someone has phoned you.(打了電話)

　　Someone has been phoning you.(一直在打電話)

　　2) I've read the novel.(已讀完)

　　I've been reading the novel.(還沒(méi)讀完)

　　3) He has lived here for six weeks.

　　e has been living here for six weeks. (區(qū)別不大,后者更口語(yǔ)化)

　　4) Have you met her lately?

　　Have you been meeting her lately?(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的重復(fù),經(jīng)常見面)

　　5) Who's eaten my apples? ( 蘋果沒(méi)有了)

　　Who's been eating my apples?(有感情色彩,表示憤怒不滿)

　　9.現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)

　　1) I hope that he'll come.

　　I had hoped he would come.(與事實(shí)相反)

　　(經(jīng)常這樣用的詞有:expect, think, intend, mean, suppose)

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