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翻譯技巧——虛擬語(yǔ)氣祥解（二）
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翻譯技巧——虛擬語(yǔ)氣祥解（二）

第三部分：名詞性從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

　　第一節(jié)：賓語(yǔ)從句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

　　一、在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

　　在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，常省去賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞that。

　　一）、對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬（與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反）：

　　從句用過(guò)去式或過(guò)去進(jìn)行式(時(shí)間上是同時(shí)的)。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)be和were(was)，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式。例：

　　1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式knew)我希望知道這個(gè)答案。(事實(shí)上是不知道)

　　2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家鄉(xiāng)四季如春。(事實(shí)上不可能)

　　3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鳥(niǎo)。(事實(shí)上不可能)

　　4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,過(guò)去虛擬動(dòng)詞were)(事實(shí)上并不在家)

　　5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,過(guò)去虛擬動(dòng)詞understood)

　　現(xiàn)在他在中國(guó)，他希望能懂得中文。(事實(shí)上并不懂)

　　6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,過(guò)去虛擬動(dòng)詞were)(事實(shí)上并不和我們?cè)谝黄?

　　二）、對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬（和過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反）：

　　用wish表示對(duì)過(guò)去事情的遺憾。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，或would, could, might+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例：

　　1. I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.

　　我后悔不該浪費(fèi)這么多時(shí)間。(事實(shí)上已浪費(fèi)了)

　　2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.

　　他真希望沒(méi)有失去機(jī)會(huì)。(其實(shí)已失去)

　　3. We wished he had spoken to us.

　　(wished，had + spoken)(事實(shí)上他并沒(méi)同我們講)

　　4. I wish you had called earlier.

　　(wish, had + called)(事實(shí)上已遲了)

　　5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.

　　(will wish,had + listened)(事實(shí)上并不如此)

　　例題分析：I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.

　　A. could have slept 　　B. slept　　C. might have slept 　　D. have slept

　　動(dòng)詞wish后面接從句，表達(dá)不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)或與事實(shí)相反的情況時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即用過(guò)去式（表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作）或過(guò)去完成式（表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作）。本題后半句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞have用的是過(guò)去時(shí)had

　　to get up and come, 所以前面要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。所以, 選項(xiàng)A)could have slept是答案

　　三）、對(duì)將來(lái)情況的虛擬(表示將來(lái)的主觀愿望)：

　　從句動(dòng)詞"would/should/could/might + 動(dòng)詞原形"(時(shí)間上較后)(請(qǐng)注意：主句和從句的主語(yǔ)不相同)。用wish表示對(duì)將來(lái)事情的愿望。例：

　　1. I wish it would stop raining.(虛擬動(dòng)詞would+動(dòng)詞原形stop)

　　我希望雨能停止。(事實(shí)上雨還在下著呢)

　　2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)

　　我希望你安靜一些。(事實(shí)上那家伙還在吵著呢)

　　3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)

　　你希望她第二天會(huì)到。(事實(shí)上她還沒(méi)到)

　　4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)

　　我希望她會(huì)改變主意。(呵呵，女孩子可沒(méi)那么容易就改變主意喔)

　　5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)

　　(只是希望我們和他在一起，實(shí)際上還沒(méi)在一起)

　　四）、注意：

　　1.如果將wish改為過(guò)去式wished, 其后that 從句中的動(dòng)詞形式不變。例如：

　　I wished I hadn't spent so much money.

　　我要是那時(shí)沒(méi)有花掉那么多錢就好了。

　　2. 如果that 從句中用would , 一般表示對(duì)現(xiàn)狀不滿或希望未來(lái)有所改變或請(qǐng)求

　　I wish he would answer my letter.

　　I wish prices would come down.

　　I wish you would help me.

　　I wish you would stop asking silly questions.

　　二、在表示建議、命令、要求、忠告等動(dòng)詞的后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

　　由于這些動(dòng)詞本身隱含說(shuō)話者的主觀意見(jiàn)，認(rèn)為某事應(yīng)該或不應(yīng)該怎樣，這些詞語(yǔ)后面的“that”從句應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，且均以“should+動(dòng)詞原形”表示這種語(yǔ)氣，但事實(shí)上“should”常被省略，故此從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用原形，常用的此類動(dòng)詞有：

　　表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg

　　表示“提議、勸告、建議”的：move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote

　　表示“決定、命令”的：decide, order

　　表示“主張”的：maintain, urge

　　表示“同意、堅(jiān)持”的：consent, insist

　　例如：

　　1.The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.

　　2.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news.

　　3.When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ”(當(dāng)我建議他用刮胡膏時(shí)，他說(shuō)“剃刀和水就行了”。)

　　4.He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. (他費(fèi)了幾天功夫?qū)ふ依碚摳鶕?jù)，直到我建議拆開(kāi)看看它是如何轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的。)

　　5.One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an Englishspeaking country. (我們建議學(xué)生應(yīng)在說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的國(guó)家呆上兩三年。)

　　在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動(dòng)詞后面的從句中虛擬語(yǔ)氣很普遍，其結(jié)構(gòu)如：

　　order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +... (should) do

　　6.I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

　　7.He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.

　　但注意：在insist 后的從句中, 如果是堅(jiān)持自己, 用陳述語(yǔ)氣, 堅(jiān)持別人做什么事情, 用虛擬語(yǔ)氣.

　　8.she insists that she is right.

　　9.she insisted that I should finish the work at once.

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